A smiling and happy baby looking to the camera in the arms of its mother.

Select a category below to browse relevant vaccine information and FAQs

Babies and toddlers

In the first years of life, a baby’s immune system is not fully developed. Learn more about how you can help protect your child from infections from specific diseases during this early stage of growth.

  • Introduction

    Please select a disease to learn more or speak your doctor to learn more about any of these diseases.

    Hepatitis B

    This disease of the liver is transmitted through blood or other bodily fluids.

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    Diphtheria

    While now extremely rare in Australia, diphtheria continues to cause illness overseas.

     Learn more

    Measles

    Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that causes a rash and fever.

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    Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

    Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes a bacterial infection that can lead to serious illness, especially in young children.

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    Pneumococcal disease

    A bacterial infection that usually affects the very young and the elderly. Others can be at risk of complications, too.

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    Polio

    Polio is rare in Australia but is a serious disease that is caused by infection with poliovirus.

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    Rotavirus

    In infants and young children, rotavirus disease is the most common cause of severe vomiting and diarrhoea.

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    Tetanus

    Caused by bacteria commonly found in soil and manure, which enter the body through wounds or breaks in the skin.

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    Meningococcal disease

    Initial symptoms of meningococcal disease can be difficult to recognise, and can easily be mistaken for a common cold or virus.

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    Mumps

    This viral infection causes swelling of the salivary glands and fever.

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    Hepatitis A

    This disease of the liver is caused by the hepatitis A virus. Symptoms may last for several weeks, but most people fully recover.

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    Meningococcal B disease

    This rare infection can progress rapidly, causing serious long-term disability or death within 24 hours. Immunisation can help protect against common strains.

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    Seasonal Influenza (flu)

    This highly contagious viral infection can affect anyone and is more common in winter.

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    Rubella

    Also called German measles, rubella is generally a mild infection. Yet it can have serious, lifelong consequences for unborn babies or can lead to miscarriage.

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    Chickenpox (varicella)

    With its typical red blistering and itchy rash, chickenpox is a highly contagious but generally mild infection.

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    Whooping cough (pertussis)

    This bacterial infection is highly contagious and affects people of all ages. It can cause serious disease in babies and complications in older adults.

     Learn more

The Australian National Immunisation Program (NIP) outlines a series of free immunisations given at specific times throughout your life. In addition to these vaccines, there are a number of other vaccines that are recommended by experts but need to be paid for out of pocket. Some vaccines are also provided for free through your State or Territory Health Department.

Click on the diseases below and speak to your doctor to learn more about the immunisation schedule and recommendations.

  •  Immunisation funded via the National Immunisation Program (NIP)
  •  Immunisation recommended by experts but is not funded
  •  Immunisation funded via the NIP for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and/or medically at-risk children
  •  Immunisation recommended by experts for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and/or medically at-risk children but is not funded

Many of the individual immunisations listed in the schedule below are available in combined immunisations to reduce the number of injections.

Diseases Birth 2 months 4 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 4 years 10 to <15 years 15-19 years
Chickenpox (varicella)                  
A second dose of varicella vaccine is recommended any time between 4 years of age and less than 14 years, at least 4 weeks after the first dose. Speak to your doctor to learn more.
Diphtheria                  
 
Hepatitis A                  
Two doses of Hepatitis A vaccine are recommended and NIP-funded for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children at 12 months and 18 months living in certain areas. A two-dose schedule (which is not funded) is also recommended for some medically at-risk children and adolescents. Speak to your doctor to learn more.
Hepatitis B                  
An additional booster vaccine is recommended at 12 months of age for preterm infants who were born at less than 32 weeks gestation or whose birth weight was under 2000 grams. Speak to your doctor to learn more.
Haemophilus influenzae
type b
                 
 
Human Papillomavirus                  
 
Measles                  
 
Meningococcal ACWY disease                  
The meningococcal ACWY vaccine is strongly recommended (but not funded) for children less than 2 years of age, adolescents (15 - 19 years), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (2 months - 19 years), and those aged at or above 2 months with certain medical conditions. A free dose is given at 12 months of age. For anyone wishing to reduce their risk of meningococcal disease the vaccine is recommended if their doctor deems it appropriate. Speak to your doctor to learn more or see who is most at risk of meningococcal disease here.
Meningococcal B disease                  
The meningococcal B vaccine is strongly recommended (but not funded) for children less than 2 years of age, adolescents (15 - 19 years), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (2 months - 19 years), and those aged at or above 2 months with certain medical conditions. For anyone wishing to reduce their risk of meningococcal disease the vaccine is recommended if their doctor deems it appropriate. Speak to your doctor to learn more or see who is most at risk of meningococcal disease here.
Mumps                  
 
Pneumococcal disease                  
An additional dose of pneumococcal vaccine is recommended and NIP-funded at 6 months of age for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Two additional doses (at 6 months and 4 years) are recommended and NIP-funded for medically-at risk children. Further doses may be recommended and funded during adolescence depending on risk – speak to your doctor to learn more.
Polio                  
 
Rotavirus                  
 
Rubella                  
 
Tetanus                  
 
Whooping cough (pertussis)                  
 
Seasonal influenza                   
The influenza vaccine is recommended annually for all people aged 6 months and over. Influenza vaccine is funded under the NIP for those at or above 6 months of age with certain medical conditions and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 6 months to under 5 years and those aged at or above 15 years. Learn more about who should receive flu vaccination.
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For children and adolescents who have missed a dose(s) or have just arrived in Australia, please speak to your doctor about catch-up immunisations.

  • What are the common side effects of immunisations?

    You may experience some side effects after immunisation. Most are mild, short-lived and clear within a few days.

    Common side effects can include:

    • a sore arm
    • fever
    • pain and redness at the injection site.

    Severe side effects like an allergic reaction are rare. If you think you are experiencing a severe reaction, you should see your doctor as soon as possible.

    Remember, vaccines help to protect against potentially serious and fatal diseases. If you have any concerns about the side effects of vaccines, please speak to your doctor.

  • Is immunisation compulsory?

    In Australia, immunisation is not compulsory but not having your child fully vaccinated may affect Government benefits or enrolment in childcare or kindergarten. Immunisation is strongly recommended for two reasons:

    • it helps protect your child or yourself from potentially serious diseases
    • high rates of immunisation also help protect those who cannot be immunised (for example, those with a weakened immune system).

    Speak to your doctor for more information.

  • What is the National Immunisation Program (NIP)?

    The NIP is a schedule of vaccines that are provided for free by the Australian government, to help protect against 17 different diseases.

    Many of the vaccines are given in early childhood and others through to adulthood. It’s recommended that you stick as closely as possible to the NIP schedule to get the most benefit from the program.

  • How do vaccines work?

    Vaccines generally contain dead, severely weakened forms or specific parts of the germ that causes disease. They are designed to teach your immune system to fight any future infections.

    When the vaccine enters your body – either via a needle or oral dose – your immune system gets to work and produces antibodies that are able lock onto and destroy the germ. Your immune system is then able to remember the germ and produce those antibodies to destroy it if you get infected again.

    In short, vaccines strengthen and train your immune system to help protect you against harmful diseases.

  • Why immunise for less common or old diseases?

    Vaccines are given for potentially serious and fatal diseases that were common in Australia before immunisation was available. The germs that cause these diseases are still around – yet, thanks to high rates of immunisation in the community, most of these diseases are fortunately very rare. Continuing immunisation is important to keep it that way.

    Don’t forget, in some countries, these vaccine-preventable diseases are still common and can be brought into Australia by travellers.

  • Why do babies need to be immunised?

    A baby’s immune system is not fully developed, making them more vulnerable to some diseases.

    Vaccines help to protect babies by preparing their immune system to be ready to attack and fight off specific infections.

  • Can too many immunisations overwhelm a baby’s immune system?

    From birth onwards, babies are naturally exposed to thousands of bacteria, viruses and antigens (which are substances that stimulate an immune response). They build up their exposure through things like playing, drinking and eating.

    Compared to this everyday exposure, immunisations contain a small amount of antigen. So rather than overwhelming the baby’s immune system, immunisations actually help strengthen it for specific diseases.

  • Do breast-fed babies need immunisations?

    The antibodies in breast milk help fight off infection and provide some protection for your baby. However, they are short-lived and are not enough to help protect against all infections – which is why it’s recommended that all babies receive the vaccines on the National Immunisation Program schedule, regardless of whether they are breastfed or not.

  • Can I delay immunisations until my child is older?

    Immunising your child from an early age, at the ages recommended by the National Immunisation Program can help protect them from serious childhood infections.

    Delaying an immunisation increases the amount of time your child is at risk of catching a disease. Don’t forget, for some diseases, multiple doses of the vaccine are required before your child is adequately protected. Until all the doses are given, your child may be at risk of catching the disease.

  • Why do children need booster doses of some vaccines?

    It's important for your child to receive all the recommended doses. With some diseases, the level of protection provided by an immunisation can decrease over time. Booster doses are recommended to help maintain immunity.

    Talk to your doctor or nurse if you’re unsure whether your child is up-to-date with their immunisation.

  • Can my child still get a disease despite being immunised for it?

    Like all medicines, vaccines are not 100% effective. Therefore, there may still be a chance that an immunised person can get the disease – although usually with less severe symptoms than if they’d had no immunisation.

    Don’t forget, the chances of exposure to a disease are reduced in communities where most people are immunised.

  • Are there any reasons for delaying immunisations?

    A scheduled immunisation may be delayed if your child:

    • has a high temperature (over 38.5ºC)
    • has a weakened immune system (e.g. receiving chemotherapy)
    • has another medical condition that needs to be considered.

    Speak to your doctor about your child's circumstances before postponing immunisation.

  • I’m going overseas soon. Which vaccines do I need?

    Immunisations for some vaccine-preventable diseases are not routinely funded on the National Immunisation Program (that is, they are not available for free). Yet they may still be recommended for overseas travel, particularly to developing countries.

    The immunisations you may need depend on where you’re going. To learn about diseases common in particular countries, you can browse our travel section. Please note that this is a guide only.

    Remember, our travel map is only a guide. It’s important to speak to your doctor or visit a travel clinic at least 6 to 8 weeks before you travel. Take along your full itinerary – including areas that might be 'off the beaten track' – so your doctor can best assess your needs.

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AUS/VAC/0104/18, AUS/VAC/0055/18 Date of Approval: November 2018